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Limits to Growth
Book
Book Overview
Table of Contents
Authors' Preface
Global Ecology
"Confirming many of the trends
outlined in The Limits to Growth three decades ago, we are now 20 percent above the Earth's
carrying capacity, and on a collision course with unsupportable population growth, biodiversity
loss, runaway climate change and global food and water shortages. With even the Pentagon
warning that global warming could pose more of a threat than terrorism, it's time we paid
serious attention to the sustainable prescriptions outlined in Limits to Growth: The 30-Year
Global Update."
-Jim Motavalli, editor,
E/The Environmental Magazine
and editor of
Feeling the Heat: Dispatches From the Frontlines of Climate Change

Published
June 2004
Health Books Ecology Books pH Books
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Global Ecological Environment
Destruction
of the Environment
What an enormous shift has occurred in our understanding of the global environment
over the past three decades! In the 1970s there was little recognition that society could
destroy important global systems. Today there is little hope that we can avoid causing profound
and permanent damage to natural processes, such as climate regulation and regeneration of
marine fisheries.
No book has chronicled this shift in perception better than Limits to Growth. The first edition,
published in 1972, created an international sensation and acquainted millions with the fact
that industrial and population growth could destroy their own foundations -- confronting global
society with the very real prospects of collapse. Now a revised edition of the book, to be
published by Chelsea Green Publishing in June, makes the message relevant for a new century.
Environmental Patterns
The first book was compiled by an international team of experts assembled at the MIT
Sloan School of Management on a project supported by the Club of Rome. Using systems dynamic
theory to construct a global computer model called "World3," the book presented 12 scenarios
that revealed different possible patterns -- and environmental outcomes -- of world development
over two centuries from 1900 to 2100. The book became a bestseller with over 30 million of
copies sold in more than 30 translations.
Later voted to be one of the 20th Century's ten most influential environmental books, the
text was the object of intense criticism by economists of the time. They dismissed it as Malthusian
hyperbole. But events over the past three decades have generally been consistent with the
book's scenarios.
Matthew Simmons, economist and founder of the world's largest private energy investment banking
practice, recently wrote, "The most amazing aspect of the book is how accurate many of the
basic trend extrapolations . . . still are some 30 years later."
Unsustainable Growth
The message that current growth trends cannot be sustained is now reconfirmed every
year by thousands of headlines, hundreds of conferences, and dozens of new scientific studies.
But these focus on specific problems like global warming, soil loss, extinction of species,
and declining tropical forests. Unfortunately, according to the Limits authors Donella Meadows,
Jorgen Randers, and Dennis Meadows, all these well intentioned efforts are destined to fail
until they are grounded in understanding the complex system governing the causes and consequences
of growth in the world’s physical economy, materials and energy flows, and population. Limits
to Growth is so far the only book to provide that understanding. And now its message is to
be updated.
Update to "Limits to Growth"
In June Chelsea Green Publishing will release Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update.
This major revision reconfirms the original message and elaborates on it by drawing data and
case examples from a very diverse set of recent studies.
The new book suggests that the central problem for the next 70 years will not be averting
environmental decline -- which the authors view as virtually inevitable -- but containing
and limiting damage to the planet and humanity. It's too late for sustainable development,
the authors conclude. The world must now choose between uncontrolled collapse and a deliberate
reduction of energy and materials consumption back down to supportable levels.
Beyond the Planet's Carrying Capacity
World3 is used to provide ten new scenarios in the update. In most scenarios, the
gap between rich and poor will widen, vital nonrenewable resources like oil will become much
more difficult and expensive to obtain, and industrial production in the developed countries
will decline.
In 1972, the world's population and economy were still comfortably within the planet’s carrying
capacity. The team found then that there was still room to grow safely while we examined longer-term
options. Today this is no longer true.
In this new study, the authors cite many studies confirming that humanity has dangerously
"overshot" our limits, expanding our demands on the planet’s resources and sinks beyond what
can be sustained even for the coming century.
Progress But Not Enough
Although the past 30 years have shown some progress, including new technologies, new
institutions, and a new awareness of individual environmental problems, the authors are far
more pessimistic than they were in 1972. Humanity has squandered the opportunity to correct
its current course over the last 30 years, they conclude, and much must change if the world
is to mitigate the most negative consequences of overshoot in the 21st century.
A striking example of overshoot is the world's fisheries, the vast majority of which have
been virtually exhausted or are currently overexploited. In 2002, the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN estimated that 75 percent of the world's oceanic fisheries were fished
at or beyond capacity. The North Atlantic cod fishery, fished sustainably for hundreds of
years, has collapsed, and the species may have been pushed to biological extinction.
Another
of the many examples provided in this book is global food production. It has increased dramatically
over the past 20 years. Yet food production per capita has stopped improving; in Africa it
has actually decreased. Population growth has outstripped the food production system's ability
to adequately feed populations. Meanwhile the increase in food production has been attained
by policies that damage soils, waters, forests, and ecosystems -- a cost that will make future
production increases harder.
Population and Industrial Growth
Exponential growth in population and industrial production are largely responsible
for the deteriorating state of the Earth today. Their impact can be seen in many of the warning
signs that are described in the new book. Among the symptoms of overshoot in today's society
are:
- Growing demand for capital, resources, and labor for the military, to secure resources
that are increasingly concentrated in fewer, more remote, or increasingly hostile regions.
- Debts as a rising percentage of annual real output.
- Investment in essential human resources (education, health care, shelter) postponed
to meet immediate consumption, investment, or security needs or to pay debts.
- Eroding goals for health and the environment.
The authors reject price as an indicator of long-term supply and focus, instead, on the flows
of physical capital required to sustain growth. They argue persuasively that as nonrenewable
resources are depleted and pollution flows increase, more and more capital will be required
to sustain the economy. By the middle of this century, their global computer model typically
projects that investment in industrial capital can no longer keep pace with depreciation.
The result is industrial decline.
Society: Conquest Versus Coexistence
Critics of the Limits thesis believe that technological advance and market-based decisions
will automatically avert problems that arise from the growing pressure of population and industry
on the planet's resources. A unique feature of this new book is its portrayal of the crucial
influence that ethics and cultural norms exert on the direction that technology and markets
take consumption. They show why a society that does not value the environment or focus on
reducing the gap between rich and poor will develop technologies and markets that damage the
environment and widen the gap. A society that values conquest over coexistence will focus
its technological programs on enhancing military equipment, not improving agriculture or health
services for the poor. Markets and technology can be very important, but they must be guided
by drastic changes in cultural norms and social goals if they are to reduce the consequences
of overshoot.
Therefore, the final two chapters
of the book examine the cultural side of sustainability and describe tools available to all
of us for averting the worst effects of the inevitable end to physical growth on this planet
-- telling the truth, establishing networks, reestablishing mutual respect, and creating new
visions of our species' purpose on this planet.
Order
Limits to Growth
$22.50 Paperback
"Reading the 30th-year update reminds me of why the systems approach
to thinking about our future is not only valuable, but indispensable. Thirty years ago, it
was easy for the critics to dismiss the limits to growth. But in today's world, with its collapsing
fisheries, shrinking forests, falling water tables, dying coral reefs, expanding deserts,
eroding soils, rising temperatures, and disappearing species, it is not so easy to do so.
We are all indebted to the 'Limits of Growth' team for reminding us again that time is running
out."
--Lester Brown, Earth Policy Institute
Order
Limits to Growth
Book
Book Overview
Table of Contents
Authors' Preface
Global Ecology
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